Analysis of Sonnet 75 (Amoretti) by Edmund Spenser Essay

Sonnet 75 is taken from Edmund Spenser’s poem Amoretti which was published in 1595. The poem has been fragmented into 89 short sonnets that combined make up the whole of the poem. The name Amoretti itself means â€Å"little notes† or â€Å"little cupids. † This poem is said to have been written on Spenser’s love affair and eventual marriage to Elizabeth Boyle, his second wife. Sonnet 75 centers on the immortality of spiritual love and the temporality of physical love. In the seventy-fifth sonnet of Amoretti, the line scheme of three quatrains and a rhyming couplet is employed. The rhyme scheme is the typical Spenserian sonnet format of the first quatrain being ABAB, the second being BCBC, the third CDCD and the couplet EE. It follows the meter of the iambic pentameter. The first quatrain has a narrative feel to it because of the beginning â€Å"One day I †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The second quatrain starts with a dialogue by a female, most probably the beloved. The third quatrain is an answer again in a conversation because of the use of â€Å"quoth I. † The couplet at the end gives the conclusion like a fact because it uses the present participle tense. Sonnet 75 is a lyric because it tells of the poet’s personal experience. Spenser writes this sonnet in the typical Petrarchan style. It is written in the pursuit of a woman whom he loves. The rhyme scheme coincides with the Petrarchan model. The whole sonnet reeks of the use of imagery. The very opening lines, â€Å"One day I wrote her name upon the strand, But came the waves and washed it away:† create a vivid image of the sea-side. Other excerpts from the sonnet that produce a visual effect are â€Å"decay,† â€Å"wiped out,† â€Å"die in dust,† and â€Å"in the heavens write your glorious name. † while the first three evoke negative images, the last one paints a beautiful, fantastical picture in the mind. The short sonnet incorporates alliteration very often, for instance, â€Å"die in dust,† â€Å"verse your virtue,† â€Å"love shall live,† â€Å"later life,† etc. The sounds that have been continuously been employed are /d/, /w/ and /l/. Alliteration throughout is helping form the images. The /w/ sound in â€Å"waves and washed it away† help create an audio impact of the swishing waves. The repetitive /d/ gives an ominous sound and is used for all such words, for example â€Å"decay,† â€Å"die,† â€Å"death,† etc. There is also repetition of certain words. â€Å"Vain† appears twice in one line. Then, the concept of mortality is conveyed through â€Å"mortal,† â€Å"immortalize† and â€Å"eternize. † The sonnet is rife with symbolism. The sea alludes to the distance that is between the lover and his beloved which is causing pain to the lover. The writing on the sand refers to the lover’s insistence on making a worldly impact on his beloved. The waves are a constant reminder of the cruelty of love, haunting again and again. By washing away the name of the beloved, the waves act as torrents of torture. The sea-side or beach also symbolizes a peaceful, comfortable place where the lover unreservedly expresses himself. The lover’s writing on the sand can be a reference to man’s inherent desire to eternalize his being to be remembered forever. The waves here signify time. The erasing of the name by water signifies the transient nature of human life. It points towards the futility of man’s aspirations for immortality, especially poets who wish to be eternalized through their works. However, irrespective of how many times he may try to make his life meaningful, it is pointless. Everything is transitory and will eventually be destroyed. Personification is an important element in the sonnet. The sea or waves are given human qualities. It â€Å"washed,† and â€Å"made my paynes his pray. † Washing and preying or inflicting pain upon someone are human qualities. The poet has dexterously presented a contrast between the earthly and the celestial ideas and things. While in the first half of the poem, time and nature destroy the poet’s writing and attempts to immortalize it; in the second half the poet immortalizes his eternal, spiritual love through his writings. One of the indirect implications of the typical fifteenth century women being docile and subservient can be found in the waves being given a masculine quality. Normally, nature is associated with the female entity because both are responsible for giving and sustaining life. Here, however, the author’s reason for giving a masculine identity to nature must be because of the malignant role it is playing. Edmund Spenser’s Sonnet 75 from Amorreti is not only an exquisite piece of Elizabethan times, it portrays the quintessential poetry of the time as well. His optimal employment of literary techniques of form, rhyme, imagery, personification and alliteration give the sonnet a wholesome structure and an pleasant quality. Theme : When he writes her name on the sand, her name is washed away by the waves. He tries again and again but his all attempts when the tide is in will be washed. The lover here emphasize that allegorically; The tide represents â€Å"the time† and The sand of seashore represents his â€Å"memories† The word â€Å"tide† refers to the word â€Å"time† also in means of written and â€Å"sand† also refers to his memories because memory is a reflection of the past and it has a particular shape in minds to indicate particular moments and events which we experienced. but this shape in time becomes uncertain as the time passed memory skips over some important or trivial details. So everthing can be forgetton, ,n memory there can be nothing everlasting JUST LIKE HER NAME ON THE SAND OF SEASHORE.. the poet has a great longing to immortalize her name. But he deduces that nature wants to explain that love is temporary. Because when he wrote her name the tide washes it away. Then the lady speaks that his effort is in vain he can not change the intrinsic nature of the mortality. She believes every mortal thing will be perished. She is offended by his attempt to immortalize her. But the lover believes when the love becomes immortal her name will be written in heaven. THE AMORETTI. Edmund Spenser – Sonnet 75 One day I wrote her name upon the strand, But came the waves and washed it away: Again I wrote it with a second hand, But came the tide, and made my pains his prey. Vain man, said she, that doest in vain assay A mortal thing so to immortalize, For I myself shall like to this decay, And eek my name be wiped out likewise. Not so (quoth I), let baser things devise To die in dust, but you shall live by fame: My verse your virtues rare shall eternize, And in the heavens write your glorious name. Where whenas Death shall all the world subdue, Out love shall live, and later life renew. â€Å" One day I wrote her name upon the strand ’’ This a case of Hyperbaton because the normal order of wards has been changed . The ordinary syntactic order world have been â€Å"I wrote her name upon the strand’’. â€Å"Again I wrote it with a second hand, But came the tyde , and made my paynes his pray ’’ This is a case of Transferred Epithet [ Hypallage ] The epithet ‘ second ’ properly belongs to time rather than to hand . It may also a case of personification since ‘tide’ is seen as hunting down the efforts of the poet. ‘ For I myself shall like to this decay, And eek my name by urped out likeirse†. This is a case of simile . The poet points to the similarity between the destruction of the engraved name by the sea and the death caused to the lady by time, the similarity is explicitly stated by the use of word ‘like’. â€Å"Not so,’ quod I, â€Å" let baser things devize † To die in dust but you shall live by fame ’ – This is a case of antithesis where two opposed ideas are balanced against each other to the same effect . The two ideas contrasted are the idea of the meaner things being reduced to dust by time on the one hand, and the idea of the superior beloved ‘ transcending this by fame , on the other . â€Å"Where when as death shall all the world subdew, Our love shall live, and later life renew † It is a case of Antithesis since the two opposed ideas of the death of the world and the living of their love are balanced against each other. This is also a cause of Epigram . Ordinarily the idea of the renewal of love after life may seem absurd, but on thinking more deeply one realizes that their love would indeed be renewed by the later generations of lovers who would model their love on the poet’s.

Naming Ceremony

The Naming Ceremony of James Kofi Owusu-Ansah On February 21st 2009, I was invited to a naming ceremony at the Martin’s West Hall at Security Boulevard. It was for a three months old boy. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Owusu- Ansah were the couple hosting the event. They are from the Akan tribe in Ghana, West Africa. The baby-naming ceremony or Out-dooring is the first of many life-cycle rituals performed in the Akan culture throughout a person's life. The Akan do not name a child until a child's been alive for seven days.The feeling is that the baby night be a spirit who has come to look at the world and then go back. After a child is born, according to tradition, the mother and child are usually kept inside for at least seven days. There is no big hoopla or big excitement about this baby for seven days. In fact, if the child should pass away before the seventh day, there is no mourning for that child. If the child lives for seven days, then it is felt that the child has come to stay an d be a part of the community.There was quite a crowd of big names of Ghanaians in the community and Dr Kwesi Mfume was among those seated at the High Table. There was a priest from the church the family attends, an appointed linguist who presented and interpreted the naming process to the guests at the ceremony. There was an elder who was the uncle of Mr. Owusu-Ansah. Traditionally, the child's name is given by one of the elders of the family. The first name is usually the day of the week on which the child was born and in this case the child was born on a Monday so he was called Kofi.The second name is something specific, and personal about the child, such as something about the birthing experience, or an ancestor's name, and since they were Christians the parents named him James, and the third name is the family's name, Owusu -Ansah. The priest said a prayer asking blessings for all who were gathered, especially for the baby. The gods and ancestors are asked to protect and guide t his child, to see that the child has the things that are needed for a good life and to help the child become a positive member of the community.The child, the father, the mother, and the godparents face the crowd. Since it was a boy the godfather had to present the baby to the crowd. The godfather lifts the child three times from the ground into the air to introduce the child to the ancestors and to the gods and says, today we show the child who sojourns with us to the morning star. † So we show the child to the earth, to the ancestors, to the heavens, and to the community, and ask for blessings for the child. The child was told what is expected of him, by responding to his name; respect his parents, elders of the society.He is told not to lie, cheat and be a responsible person in society . The main ceremony is over and the rest of the evening was full of dancing, eating and drinking, giving the baby gifts which is normally money. I was so impressed by the whole function becau se I never expected the function to be so traditional like it was back home although instead of seven days old James Kofi Owusu –Ansah was three months old, and the Americans who were invited were so comfortable and some even participated in the cultural dances.

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Alzheimers Disease Stages and Symptoms ABSTRACT Alzheimer’s Disease is a neurological disease majorly characterized by â€Å"decline in the brain function† and â€Å"memory loss†. The disease involves mainly three stages. Different chemical factors and possibly genetic factors are responsible for causing the disease. Symptoms can be treated by provision of the sufficient supplements to reduce the risk of the disease. Techniques are also available for the treatment and detection which are being expected to be more advance in future. INTRODUCTION Alzheimer’s disease is severly deliberating condition that affects thinking, learning and memory beginning with declines in the (1)episodic memory. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a slowly progressive disease of the brain that is characterized by impairment of memory and eventually by disturbances in reasoning, planning, language, and perception. Many scientists believe that Alzheimer’s disease results from an increase in the production or acc umulation of a specific protein(2)(beta-amyloid protein) in the brain that leads to nerve cell death. The likelihood of having Alzheimer’s disease increases substantially after the age of 70 around 50% of persons over the age of 85 may be affected by it. Nonetheless, Alzheimer’s disease is not a normal part of aging and is not something that happens inevitably in later life. For example, many people live to over 100 years of age and never develop Alzheimer’s disease. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: Usually, the onset of Alzheimer’s disease is gradual and it is slowly progressive. Most often, family members initially think memory problems as â€Å"a normal part of aging† but these problems noted by the family can be the first stages of Alzheimer’s disease. When other problems along with memory problems also occur start to consistently affect the usual level of functioning;families begin to suspect that something more than â€Å"norma l aging† is going on. Commonly early memory problems in Alzheimer’s disease are particularly characterized by â€Å"short-term memory†. For example, the individual may, on repeated occasions, forget to turn off an iron or fail to recall which of the morning’s medicines were taken. Early illness may show mild changes in personality such as less spontaneity, apathy and a tendency to withdraw from social interactions may occur. Problems in abstract thinking and in other intellectual functions also develop as the disease is progressed. The person may begin to face problems such as trouble with figures when working on bills, with understanding what is being read, or with organizing the day’s work. This point of the disease may also show further disturbances in behavior and appearance, such as agitation, irritability, quarrelsomeness and a diminishing ability to dress appropriately. Later in the course of the disorder, affected individuals may become conf used or disoriented about what month or year it is, be unable to describe accurately where they live, or be unable to name a place being visited. Eventually, patients may wander, be unable to engage in conversation, erratic in mood, uncooperative and bladder and bowel control is lost. In late stages of the disease, persons may become totally incapable of caring for themselves. Cosequently, (3)pneumonia can occur which can lead to death or some other problem can occur due to severely deteriorated states of health.

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DISCUSS HOW YOU HAVE PROVIDED PERSON-CENTRED CARE FOR A SERVICE USER, Essay

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The Wizard of Oz Film Review Essay Example for Free

The Wizard of Oz Film Review Essay Hailed as perhaps one of the most influential movies of the present time, the film The Wizard of Oz has continued to mesmerize adults and children alike for many years.   Based on the 1900s novel entitled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum, the movie adaptation starring Judy Garland as Dorothy captured the imagination of many.   Given its success, this short discourse will now attempt to provide a formal criticism, which is an attempt to examine the way in which the movie is crafted without regard for the standards of truth or morality.    This objective will attempt to shed light on the wonder that is The Wizard of Oz.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The plot of the movie is quite simple, to say the least, as it involves the adventures of Dorothy and her dog, Toto, as they search for a way back home.   During their travels they encounter a number of characters who each have their own problems and together they march off to meet the Wizard of Oz who can help them.   This is a basic plot that is found in most adventure stories.   Yet as shown in this movie, it is the interplay of all the literary elements which make it the hit that it is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As mentioned, the characters, the setting, the symbol metaphors and tone elements, all play a crucial role in the development of the theme and the plot.   Thought Dorothy is no longer alone in Oz, her companions are not exactly the perfect bunch.   Each has a handicap that works for or against them and this is shown in the clashes with the minions of the Wicked Witch of the West.   It becomes a more compelling story as the setting lends to the magical feeling that the audience experiences.   The colorful sets and the outrageous costumes all add to the already rich image that is presented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, the storyline is masterfully climaxed when Dorothy finds out that the ruby slippers, which have undoubtedly become an icon of the present generation, are magical and can take her home as long as she clicks her heels together.   This wonderful interplay of elements is what makes The Wizard of Oz the wonderfully magical tale that it is.

A modern audience Essay Example for Free

A modern audience Essay But her marriage to will is all a practical arrangement as she is good at her job and Will is a skilled craftsman. As this partnership moves on the pair become more successful, they manage to pay back Mrs Hepworth the loan she gave then to get started and we see a more romantic side to Maggie as she saves a flower from her wedding day bouquet.  I thought Id press it in my bible  For keep sake A factor about Maggie that would appeal to a modern audience is that she is very intelligent. She controls the accounts and organises everything at Hobsons. She taught Will to read and write, because Will was born into the lower class she was not properly educate and so he was illiterate but Maggie changed that by educating him herself:  Ill just set you a short copy, for tonight.  Maggie is honest and fair, when Albert and Freddy are trying to get more money than they agreed out of Mr Hobson, she knows he cannot afford what they are asking and so she gets them down to a more realistic price:  I know perfectly well what father can afford to pay, and it is not a thousand pounds nor anything like a thousand pounds. Maggie is also humble because she is not afraid to ask for help when she needs it. She asks Mrs Hepworth for money as her and will havent got any from their previous jobs because Hobson didnt pay Maggie and Will came from a lower class and had little pay, all to get married and start up a good business  Weve paid back Mrs Hepworth what she lent us for our start and made a bit o brass on top o that.  At the beginning of the play Will lacked self-confidence and he was poor. He was also a victim of Hobsons exploitation:  What does she want to praise workmen to his face for? But Will is a talented craftsman and a skilled worker which is why Mrs Hepworth complimented him and asked that he makes her shoes in the future:  These are the best-made pair of boots Ive ever had. Now, youll make my boots in future.  This is a great compliment for a working class man because they were not often praised for their work and didnt often do so well. This is a point about Will that would appeal to a modern audience.  Will, like many other working class in the 1880s could not read at the start of the play but due to Maggies help he learns how to read and write. By starting up his own business shows he is a good business man and he pays off Mrs Hepworth the money back she lent the couple to get the business started. Weve paid off Mrs Hepworth what she lent us for our start.  Will is from a working class background; he is one of Hobsons boot hands and suffers social prejudice from Maggies sisters Alice and Vicky but now is near equal class to them but they still see him form a lower class and treat him with a lack of respect  Will Mossop do you know who you are talking to?  As the play progresses Wills confidence increase as he now dares to stand up to Hobson, Alice, Vicky and Maggie  Ill take you into partnership and give you a half share. The Audience may find Wills character comical due to his sayings Well by gum  And make the viewers laugh. When Maggie tells Will she wants to marry him he is a bit worried at tries to back down from the proposal because he did not love her, but they get their partnership up and running and as the story continues he realises that he can learn to love and give Maggie the respect she needs to create a successful business. From the start to the end of the play Will Mossop changes a lot. He went from working in Hobsons cellar to owning his own successful business and being married to Maggie. His main change was that he went from poverty to being a member of the working/middle class. By doing this he has made his way up the social ladder, which was very hard to do in the 19th century. Wills struggle could be compared to a dream going from rags to riches. In my opinion this would be the most important factor about Will that would appeal to a modern audience.  Maggies determination to make a success of hers and Willies marriage and the business that they start would make her popular with a modern audience because she did not really love Will when they were married, but she had to do something to get away from Mr Hobson, her authoritarian father and she also managed to get her sisters married.

Employee Development Case Study

Employee Development Case Study Companies of the 21st century have to engage in Employee Development, in order for the organisation to achieve its goals. It has to develop its main core of the company which is the employees which are the assets that drives the company to its goals. Therefore it is important to place employee development in the context of the business strategies. Employee development includes training and skill development of the employee, an emphasis on the internal advancement of the entry-level or low-skilled workers (Insight 2009). Encouraging employees to acquire new or advanced skills, knowledge and viewpoints by providing learning and training facilities and avenues where new ideas can be applied. Development is a specific state of growth or advancement. Employee development or career development is an on-going refinement of job mastery and professional development coupled with career planning activities. Job mastery is necessary skills to successfully perform one job. (Guide to Human Managing Resources) Learning is the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study experience or taught. Information is knowledge and knowledge requires learning. In this era of the century, there is a strong emphasis on human capital despite financial and physical assets. Training means giving new and current employees the skill they need to perform their jobs (Human Resource Management Text Book) Training are able to improve employees efficiency and motivation leading the organization to gain productivity and job satisfaction. Chapter Two Company background Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad (Dutch Lady Malaysia) the leader in branded quality dairy business in Malaysia. Incorporated in 1963, Dutch Lady was the first milk company in Malaysia to be listed on Bursa Malaysia, the local Stock Exchange in 1968. Its holding company is Royal Friesland Campina, a Dutch multinational corporation and one of the largest milk companies in the world. Permodalan Nasional Berhad is the second largest shareholder in the Company. (Figure 1) Dutch Lady Malaysia manufactures and sells a variety dairy products and fruit juices for the home and export market such as Infant Formula, Growing-up Milk, Powdered Milk, Condensed Milk, UHT Milk, Sterilised Milk, Pasteurised Milk, Cultured Milk, Yoghurt and Fruit Juice Drinks. The Companys dairy products have a strong consumer following and are represented by strong brands such as Dutch Lady, Frisolac, Friso, Completa, Omela and Joy. Dutch Lady motto is Great ready for Life as it applies to the products that they carry is also applies to the employees of Dutch as they use employee development to build the employees. At Dutch Lady Office in Malaysia, the 600 employees continue to discover ideal environment for lively, approachable team players who combine initiative with a genuine enthusiasm to learn. In Dutch Lady Human Resource faces challenges from all levels from executives to managers, and these employees are being challenged daily by frustrated employees. Human resource challenges is costing the company time, money, resources, lost opportunities, and reduced productivity, (taken from www.dutchlady.com.my) Chapter Three Literature Review In order for the organization to perform effectively training needs analysis (TNA) needs to assist in identifying the needs of the employee that needs to be trained is it at departmental or organizational level. Training needs analysis need to ensure that training addresses existing problems, and is tailored to organisational objectives, delivered in an effective and cost efficient manner. (Chartered Management Institute 2005) Training is one of the most important strategies for organizations to help employees gain proper knowledge and skills needed to meet the environmental challenges. (European Journal of Social Science 2010) Employee development program and activities can be costly in terms of time and resources that organizations devote to them. Often such programs and activities must be justified by demonstrating their potential for adding value to the organization. (Employee Perceived Cost, 2008) This will help strengthen the organization by increasing motivation and current information about the organization, helps employees makes their career development goals more realistic. Opportunities for promotion and/or lateral moves contribute to the employees career satisfaction and attention to career development helps you attract top staff and retain valued employee (Guide to Human Managing Resources). It can also be looked into another direction whereby the organization will create a condition where employees believe that their organization value their contribution and care about their employment. It creates an obligation by the employees towards the organization and in turn willingness by employees to work hard to increase the organizations effectiveness (International Journal of Human Resource Management). (Arthur 1994; Woods and de Menezes 1998). According to Grawitch, et al. (2006), the practices that contribute to employee development have been linked to employee commitment to the organization, increased productivity and decreased absenteeism and turnover. Skill development contributes to learning opportunities. (Guide to Human Managing Resources) The disadvantage of development is performance pay which is based on individual performance rating, and not the group coordination or organizational productivity (Kerr, 1995; Kohn, 1993) Journal of Human Resources Education Performance Appraisal Reappraised: Its Not All Positive 2007 The challenge that is always encountered is retaining employees. In order to in still commitment the employees, organizations have resorted to promoting long term career path through development programs. (SAM Advanced Management Journal 2001) Previously, it was common to have in-house training or reimbursing employees for the cost of taking classes at the school. But such general skills acquired were not enough for employees to perform specific jobs or future jobs in the future. By General Motors and McDonalds pioneering the university concept allows employees to access their skills and compare them against organization and industry standards. This encourages the employees to cultivate skills in both their current employment and future employment. With this employees appreciate the ability to improve their skill, but for much discipline are difficult to maintain. (SAM Advanced Management Journal 2001) Knowledge is regarded as key asset of employees and ability to acquire and use it as a core competence. (New Zealand applied business journal) (Argyris, 1991; Drucker 1992; Ulrich, 1998) A learning organization works in an environment in which people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning how to learn together. (Journal of Workplace Learning 2008) Peter Senge (1990, p. 3), the learning organization concept in his book, The Fifth Discipline, Those who are learning oriented will find great value in activities that will assist them in developing and improving their skills. (Journal of Management Development 2008) (Dweck and Leggett, 1988 The negative employees with a low learning-orientation do not value this kind of emphasis on growth and learning, and as a result are not highly committed to the organization. (Journal of Management Development 2008) Challenges that were encountered with learning are that computer based training programs tend to be entirely self-directed. The program results to have low rate of success. Experts believe that the human element needs to be involved. (SAM Advanced Management Journal 2001) In technology-based training several companies, like Honeywell, and QUALCOMM employees tend to resist technology based training as the employees do not understand the method it is conducted and fair returns will not be possible. Example, some employees are hand-on learners and do not adapt to computer-based training, when developing a training program, keep in mind that the workforce has many different types of learners. (SAM Advanced Management Journal 2001) In a relationship between commitment and training a sample of the numerous possible backgrounds that have been explored include perception, and benefits such as career, job related, personnel (Mathieu and Martineau,1997), satisfaction (Tannenbaum et al,1991), self-efficacy (Saks,1995), individual variables, such as age, education level , and gender (Meyer and Allen ,1984; Collarelli et al,1987;Mathieu and Zajac,1990) European Journal of Social Science Vol 14 No 1 2010 Training can also be considered as employee turnover. If the new skills that have been acquired by the employee and the skill are of high value to other organization, the organisation will risk losing their trained employee. (European Journal of Social Science Vol 14 No 1 2010) The ability to manage the cost of training and keep within the budget of the organization proves to be a challenge. Trying to prove to the management that training is part of the organization even when organization is not into training. (European Journal of Social Science Vol 13 2010) In today fast pace technology era, technology is changing the way the organization is operated. Technology devices that employees are trained to use today will be obsolete tomorrow. The organization has to train the staff to keep abreast with the changing technology. (European Journal of Social Science Vol 13 2010) In order for training to be a success in the strategic human resource management literature, training is an important factor for lowering turnover and improving organizational performance (Richard Devinney, Yip, and Johnson, 2009). One way in which this can be achieved in the provision of training and fostering high organizational commitment to enhance the retention of employees and customers. Schlesinger and Heskett (1991) views high employee turnover as a factor of cycle of failure. The result of it is that discourages management from investing in hiring, training, which leads to ineffective performance and it, will also affect service quality and customer loyalty. Chapter Four Proposed Employees Development Plan The reason for conducting a TNA is to ensure the training effectiveness (Blanchard and Thacker, 2003; Goldstein and Ford, 2002; and Noe, 2005), ensure return of investment in the training, minimise errors made in the training programs (Elbadri, 2001)., try to solve performance problems and in the absence of TNA the training program will have little or no contribution to the achievement of the organization objectives. (International Review of Business Research Papers 2007) The systematic method of conducting needs analysis is that the process is based on specific method of information gathering technique whereby it is conducted in stages with one affecting (Directory Journal 2007) another and helping to shape the next stage, there is no short-cut is available to carry out the process because every situation requires observing, probing, analysing and deducting. When completed, needs analysis would be a wise investment for the organization by saving time, finance and resources on solving the right problems. Organizations that do not support needs analysis make costly mistakes training is either used in an effective, non-effective manner or too little or there is no follow up. (Directory Journal 2007) The data collection method can be divided into two categories quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative will be the using of survey questionnaire; where else qualitative will involve interviews. (Wagonhurst 2002). Questionnaire is an interview on paper (Figure 2). Advantages of conducting a questionnaire is that every person input can be included. Employees can complete the questionnaires as and when they choose to. The data that is compiled and analyse is easily done because every employee are asked the same question (Directory Journal 2007) Interviews (Figure 3) are able to ensure that the types of data collected from all sources are consistent and this information can be one persons opinion, or the entire organization. Questions that are selected help the organization to understand what they are trying to learn (Directory Journal 2007). In order to obtain a full understanding of the performance deficiencies it is important to obtain the employees comments. By asking intelligent questions and listening to them will build credibility from your interviewees. Personal involvement and commitment would be able to establish personal relationship with potential trainers that will be important to succeed as an analyst and trainer (Directory Journal 2007). This will be a four step process using Task Analysis (Figure 4) The analysis stage which is the first step involves accessing new employees training needs. The aim is to give new employees the skill and knowledge to do the job. Job description and job specification are important here as it will list the specific duties and skill which will be the reference points in determining the training required. By uncovering the training needs by reviewing the existing performance standards, performing the job and question the current job holders. The instructional Design, second step will consist of the duration which will take 4-12 weeks depending on size of the department. Involvement will be HR executives and manger conducting the ground work together with HR director at the final stage before feed back to the management on the result of each department. Cost will be minimal as the process of the data collection will conducted by the Human Resources department. The third step, program Implementation method that I would recommend for the different types of training methods is On the job training is the most popular or widely used method in todays organizations, it is the most familiar method whereby the experienced worker or trainee supervisor trains the employee. Job Instruction training Informal training, covers 80% of what employees learn on the job is not through formal training but informal means on a daily means while in collaboration with their colleagues Lecturers, lectures can be boring but it is a quick and simple way to present knowledge to a large group of trainees or when the sales force is being introduced to a new product. Computer based training, trainers use interactive computer systems to increase the knowledge or skills. By using an interactive multimedia training which uses text, video, graphics, photos, animation and sound to allow the employee to interact. Evaluation is the final or fourth step. This process will involve determining the participant reaction to training program, how much participants have learned and transfer of the training back to the job. This information gathered is then used in the next cycle of training needs assessment. Ranking, the approach is relatively simple and if there are few jobs involved it tends to work. Identify the key jobs and interpolate where each is in ranking order. Job ranking will be difficult in large organizations because of unfamiliarity of the job. Grading is another form of ranking. Defined as a predetermined classification system in rising order of importance. It is widely used, simple to understand and simple to administer and implement. Point assessment developed to evaluate managerial and technical jobs. Popular and wide used because of its points factor, whereby enables inter-company job and pay comparison. Job analysis also identifies the expertise and experience required, accountabilities, freedom to decide and act, number of staff supervised and position within the organization (Managing People Manual) Chapter Five Critical Success Factors As Dutch Lady continue to create awareness as a collective responsibility, that its employees will continue to practice prevention of injuries and occupational health hazard as an assurance to the public when carrying out business activities. Talent Assessment Programme continues to identify and develop future leaders, therefore results obtained from TNA will assist to identify and develop young employees into Dutch Lady Graduate Trainee Programme that will have excellent leadership and managerial qualities. Long term service appreciation will continue to be practised at Dutch Lady for employees that served for 10 to 25 years. Moreover special retirement awards are also handed out to retiring employees. As an organization with diversity in its employees Dutch Lady believes in strengthening bonds of friendship and relationship creating a sense of belonging among the employees. Annual Dinner, Family Day and Sports Club are some of the many ways of bringing families of all hierarchy in the organization to commune together as a family are some of the objectives that are achieved. Conclusion Employee development will always be an on-going process for the organization. In order to continue to retain employees, the organization has to make employee development part of its core objectives and also to keep ahead of the business environment. A learning organization is always a fruitful and ever evolving in its industry and worldwide.

Young Goodman Brown :: Free Essay Writer

"Young Goodman Brown" by Nathaniel Hawthorne tells the story of a man that is tempted by evil. He discovers that sometimes evil triumphs over good, and this makes a dramatic impact on his future. Brown lets his excessive pride in himself interfere with his relations with his family and community after he meets with the devil, which causes him to live the life of an exile in his own community. "Young Goodman Brown" begins in the street at Salem village where Goodman Brown will soon leave to begin his journey. Faith, Brown's wife, does not want him to go on this journey as she says to him, â€Å" ‘prithee put off your journey until sunrise and sleep in your own bed tonight’ † (Hawthorne 310-311). Goodman Brown replies, â€Å" ‘of all nights in the year, this one night must I tarry away from thee’ † (311). The couple part and Goodman Brown sets forth on his journey. He is venturing into the woods to meet with the devil. This makes him feel guilty and he tries to justify the reason for his journey and lessen his guilt by saying, â€Å" ‘After this one night I‘ll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven’ † (311). Goodman Brown heads down a â€Å"dreary road...† (311). He is then approached by his fellow traveler, who happens to be the devil. The devil had with him â€Å"a staff that bore the likeness of a great black snake" (312). The devil tries to convince Goodman Brown to continue down the path with him, but Goodman Brown declares that he kept his meeting with the devil and no longer wishes to continue on. He says, â€Å" ‘My father never went into the woods on such an errand, nor his father before him. We have been a race of honest men and good Christians’ † (312). The devil is quick to point out, however, that it was he that was with Brown’s father and grandfather when they â€Å"set fire to an Indian village† and â€Å"lashed the Quaker women† (312). These acts show that he does not come from a family of "good Christians" (312). When Goodman Brown's first excuse not to carry on with the errand proves to be unconvincing, he says he can't go because of his wife, " ‘Faith. It would break her little heart; and I’d rather break my own’ † (313). At this point the devil agrees with him and tells him to turn back and then points to a figure of a woman on the path.

Metamorphosis Essay -- essays research papers

Metamorphosis Metamorphosis is a story that is easily related to this ever so cruel world and the life each of us live today. Each of us experience alienation just as Gregor did in the story. We experience from friends and even worse family. When changes arrive that we can't cope with, we sometimes except them grudgingly, or we simply run away from that change. What we fail to realize is the fact that the change (trial or problem) will still be there to deal with upon returning. Gregor Samsa had already been experiencing some alienation in the beginning. Gregor provided for his family, believing that they weren't capable of this. In being the only individual providing for his family, he had a slight tendency to work too hard and too much, pushing himself away from them and keeping to hi...

The Physics of a Diesel Engine Essay -- Energy Automobiles Essays

The Physics of a Diesel Engine The world we live in is surrounded by diesel engines. They are on the freeways, railways, airways, and are one of the leading electricity producers in the world. They are also becoming more popular in automobiles. These engines are efficient and reliable and they are getting very sophisticated. However, the physics behind these engines has not changed. By way of definition, courtesy of Diesel Engine Engineering: [a] diesel engine is an internal combustion engine in which the chemical energy of fuel is transformed into thermal energy of the cylinder charge, in consequence of the self-ignition and combustion of fuel in the engine cylinder after compression of the air charge in the cylinder (p1 Makartchouk). There are basically two types of diesel engines, two-stroke and four-stroke. In a two-stroke engine the piston is forced from the top of the cylinder by the expanding air fuel mixture. Before the piston reaches the bottom of the cylinder the used mixture, (called exhaust), is forced out of the cylinder by the incoming fresh air. The fresh air relies upon a blower, air induction system, to propel it into the combustion chamber. During this time period the piston begins to travel to the top of the cylinder and compress the fresh air sufficient to raise the temperature in the combustion chamber, (area between the top of the cylinder and the cylinder head at top dead center), to 1000-1200 degrees Fahrenheit (p12 Dagel). The fuel is then injected under pressure into the combustion chamber, the air ignites the fuel and the gases begin to expand finishing one cycle. A four-stroke engine begins the same way as the two-stroke with the expanding gases pushing the piston downward, called the ... ...n chamber rises dramatically. The combined fuel and air molecules bounce off one another and since the path of least resistance is the piston, the piston moves downward creating mechanical work. Applying physics to something in everyday use creates a new appreciation for what actually happens when you step on the accelerator pedal or see a truck pulling 40,000 plus pounds up a steep incline. With even a basic study of physics my worldview has changed. I now look at that cold piece of cast iron sitting in an engine compartment on a molecular level. Works Cited Dagel, John F., and Robert N. Brady. Diesel Engine and Fuel System Repair. Ohio: Prentice Hall, 2002. Kirkpatrick, Larry D., and Gerald F. Wheeler. Physics A World View. Florida: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001. Makartchouk, Andrei. Diesel Engine Engineering. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2002.

How to Develop and Maintain Your Relationship with God Essay

Developing and maintaining your relationship with God requires time, effort and desire for closeness. Just like with the other people, we need to work out and put every effort in maintaining our relation with them. If we really desire to develop and maintain our relation with God, we would definitely acquire the greatest happiness and blessings in our life. Our lives will never get lost and will keep on the right track. Take time to develop your relationship with God and reap all the rewards it brings. Keep in mind that God loves to listen in everything you say. Have a conversation with God explaining your hopes, fears, dreams, anxieties and regrets. This will help you remove all the burdens and sadness you feel inside. In addition, give God also thanksgiving and adoration for all the things He has done for you every single day of your life. In this way, you will be able to increase rapidly your intimate relationship with God. Spend time in God’s words. The Bible is the work of God that tells everything about goodness and values in life. Read the bible with comprehension and let it sink to your mind in order to apply it in your life. Joining a bible study group with others is also suggested for this will help you learn more about the bible and you are able to share with others what you know and what you have learned. You must also learn the doctrines of the church because Bible is not enough for you to be instantly close to God. You must be able to learn how to forgive others. According to the Bible, Matthew 18:22 Jesus answered â€Å"I tell you not seven times, but seventy seven times.† What does this verse mean? God tells us here to forgive others not only 7 times but 77 times, no matter how bad the thing the person has done to you. However, we humans are so emotional and we do not let forgiveness enter our hearts. Remember that God sacrificed his very own Son in order to save and to forgive the entire humanity. We must really know how to accept forgiveness and this will give glory to God. Worship God in every aspect. Attending mass every Sunday signifies that you participate and accompany God in this celebration. Sing the holy songs the church has prepared because singing these songs corresponds twice to prayer and prayer is an important thing to help maintain your closeness to God. Moreover, do not habit yourself in being late on mass, like attending after the readings or the homily. Man’s duty is to worship God so put effort and mortifications in every way to make God happy.

Development of Dance and Music in the Philippines Essay

According to Atienza, Ramos, Salazar and Nazal in their book Panitikang Pilipino, lawful literary toils is a piece of compose work which is undying. It expresses the feelings and emotions of slew in solvent to his everyday efforts to live, to be happy in his environment and, after struggles, to reach his Creator.It is in-chief(postnominal) to study Filipino lit as enumerated To bump appreciate our literary heritage trace ideas passed down by means of clock from our ancestors and better understand ourselves and take assumption in being a Filipino To understand that we put one over a spectacular and noble tradition as doer to assimilate civilisation To overcome limitations rise-read by certain historical factors sequence Frames of Filipino Literature in side of meatPre-Spanish time distri stillor pointOur antediluvian patriarch literary plant real contemplates our aboriginal customs & traditions as traced in crime syndicate stories, conformityer(a) hornswoggles and go around stories. gage then, the alphabet employ was resistent and were convertible to the Malayo-Polynesian alphabet which we c alled Alibata. Written plant deportment however did non last pertinacious because the Spanish Friars burned them believing that they were kit and boodle of the devil or that were destroyed because they were scripted in perish open materials uniform the barks of trees, modify leaves and bamboo cylinders. Those that survived atomic upshot 18 in oral body-build much(prenominal) as our kinfolk rimes.The Spaniards act to prove that our ancestors were really fond of poetry, variants, stories, riddles and proverbs which we all the same enjoy until today and which serve to pose descendants the sure Philippine culture. Pre-Spanish books is qualityized by Legends, Folk tales, Epics, Folk Songs, and Epigrams/Riddles/Chants/Proverbs & Sayings.Spanish diaphragm (1565-1872)At this regime, Philippine literary works started to thrived at Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpis reign. Due to ordinal centuries of colonization, any(prenominal)(prenominal) changes were influenced by the Spaniards1. Alibata, the 1st Philippine alphabet, was changed to Ro valet de chambre alphabet2. Basis of ghost handle practices was the belief of Christian Doctrine3. Spanish language was infused with Philippine language4. absorption of European legends & traditions to our own5. Translation of ancient literary works to our dialects6. Printing of Filipino grammar books7. purposeicals gained a spiritual t ace.The number 1 books produce were Ang Doctrina Cristiana, Nuestra Seora del Rosario, Libro de los Cuatro expressprimeras de Hombre, Ang Barlaan at Josephat, The Pasion, Urbana at Felisa and Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria. some(prenominal) literary compositions in this dot were Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala by Fr. Blancas de San Jose, Compendio de la Lengua Tagala by Fr. Gaspar de San Augustin and Vocabulari o de la Lengua Tagala by Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura. dot of Enlightenment (1872-1898) by and by being passive under Spanish rule for 3 centuries, the Filipino spunk awakened when the 3 salubrious cognize priests Gomez, Burgos, Zamora were guil pass outined without enough evidence and the Spaniards werent able to restrain the provelion.The revolution was divided in 2 efforts The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) and Period of bustling Revolution (1896-1898). The Propaganda Movement were leaded by in breakectual middle-class mickle uniform our National Hero Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena, and its members were Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma.Panganiban, Pedro Paterno and so on The objectives of this operation were to seek reforms and changes for the liberation and equity of Filipinos d iodin their literary whole shebang. The about famous works of these people that stirred the Filipinos were Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, Mi Ultimo Adios, A La Juventud Filipina, Pagibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa, La Soberania En Pilipinas, Ang Fray Botod, Noche Buena, Sobre Filipinos, A Mi Madre, and Ang Lupang Tinubuan.However, the petitions do by the propaganda movement were snub and fell on deaf ears that this action mechanism led to the revolution leaded by Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and Apolinario Mabini, whose memberswere Jose Palma, Pio Valenzuala, and so forth Though its true that the group used weapons against the colonizers, they in any case contri excepted some(prenominal) literary works much(prenominal) as Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa, Kartilya ng Katipunan, and Sa Bayan Pilipino.American Regime (1898-1941) aft(prenominal) the Spaniards were defeated, peace movements started as early on as 1900. Filipinos started writing again and depicted objectism frame undisturbed. During this period, writers went into all forms of literature like discussion reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays, wises, etc. Their w riting clearly depicted patriotism and longing for independence. In addition, 3 group of writers were formed Spanish, Tagalog, and side. Though they dissent in methods of reporting, they sh atomic number 18 the same ideas and spirit. The Spanish writers wrote on nationalism like in honoring Filipino heroes.Tagalog writers went on and on in their lamentations on the conditions of the country and their attempts to paint a picture hurl sex for bingles subjective tongue. English writers just imitated the themes and methods of the Americans. Also, this regime was divided into three periods. The First Period was of Re-orientation (1898-1910). non a lot was produced during this period and was not much of literary worth. Writers were still adjusting from the idea of state freedom of ideas and speech, the invigorated phraseology of English language and touchstones of English literary medicational mode.They had to scan direct expression conditioned by direct thinking, senten ce constructions, sounds & speech in English. They had to abandon sentimentality and floridity of language for the much direct and precise English language. Also, English becomes the official medium of assertion for all humanity schools. The Philippine Free shake was founded in 1905 and College Folio begun its publication. The Second Period was of Imitations (1910-1924). The UP College Folio was the pioneers in miserable English story and poetry writing.They were to a greater extent into imitating American and British models which expiryed in a stiff, synthetic and unnatural style, lacking postcode and naturalness. Writers of this folio included Fernando Maramag, Juan F. Salazar, Jose M. Hernandez, Vicente del Fierro, Francisco Tonogbanua, Maximo Kalaw, Vidal A. Tan, Francisco M. Africa, and Victoriano Yamzon. In addition, the Philippine Herald began its publication in 1920. The third base Period was of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941). By this time, Filipino writers ha d acquired the mastery of English writing.They now confidently and completely wrote on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites of love and early days persisted. They in any case went into all forms of writing like the novel and drama. Furthermore, Philippine Book Guild and Philippine Writers League was organized and the 1st outlying(prenominal)ming Literary awards were stipulation.Japanese Period (1941-1945)The betterment of Philippine literature halted during the Japanese invasion. all(prenominal) newspapers except for Tribune and the Philippine Review were stopped. Because of the exacting prohibitions in English writing by the invaders, Tagalog literature experienced regenerate attention. flush the weekly Liwayway was placed under tight supervision until it was managed by Japanese man named Ishiwara. In different words, Tagalog literature was effrontery a break during this period.Many wrote plays ( alone dramas became tranquilize and were simply translated versions of English plays), poems (3 types arise Haiku, Tanaga, and Karaniwang Anyo), short stories (its field expanded), etc. Topics and themes were often nigh life in the provinces. Philippine Literature in English experienced a dark period and those who d bed to write did for propaganda. literature that came out during this period were journalistic in nature and what literary output thither was hardly negligible. Writers felt chained solely silently the spirit of nationalism returned. piece some continued to write, others waited for a better time to publish their works.Rebirth of immunity (1946-1970)Writers had learned to express themselves more confidently however post-war problems beyond language and print-like frugal stability, the threat of new ideas, and mortality had to be handled salubrious & together. There was proliferation of newspapers and it proved that there were more readers in English than vernaculars. diarist became more radical. And as normality was res tored, the tones and themes of writings turned to the less pressing problems of economic survival.Those who went abroad came back to publish their indite works. It was noted that not all published books focused on war age bargonly were simply compilations and second editions of what had been indite before. Here be some works of this period The Voice of the Veterangloam in Tokyo petulance expiration of the USAFFEFor Freedom and DemocracyBetrayal in the PhilippinesS heretofore Hills AwayMost poems dealt with the customary love of nature and social & policy-making problems. Novel & scant(p) Stories became longer. Tagalog Literature was resurrected and broadly focused during the occupation of Japanese brutality, poverty, exploits, etc. Several literary-related organizations were formed and literary awards were launched i.e. The Palanca AwardsPeriod of Activism (1970-1972)The patriotic youths became active and ask for changes in the government. They believe that the system is okay exclusively the stationed people argon not. But because of this, several(prenominal) of them were imprisoned along with other rebel writers. They truly were heroes. Many books aptly inscribe and embody these times but umteen of these are not known to some and many of these writers still have to be interviewed. These led to the declaration of soldierlike lawfulness in 1972. Campus newspapers were malodorous of rebellious emotions.They attacked the ills of confederacy and politics. Any establishment became the symbol of the ills that had to be changed. Frustrations of youths were felt in churches and schools. Even those with countenance who should be respected were thought to be hindrances to the changes sought by youths hence, they were targeted. The literature of the activist reached a point where they stated boldly what should be done to effect these changes. almost of theses who rallied to this revolutionary form of literature were Rolando Tinio, Rogelio Mangahas, Efren Abueg, Rio Alma, and Clemente Bautista.The forms of literature that led during this period were the essays, debates and poetry. The short stories, novels and plays were no different in style from those written before the on constitute of activism. Some of these were I Married a Newspaperman by Maria Luna Lopez, The Modern Filipino Short Story by Patricia Melendez Cruz, Cross Currents in Afro-Asian Literature by Rustica D. Carpio, picture Time to Love by Ofelia F. Limcaco, and moderate Rare and Tellthe commonwealth by Julie Yap DazaPeriod of New ball club (1972-1981)Bilingual education which was initiated by the menu of National Education as early as 1958 and continued up to the period of Martial Rule in family 1972, resulted in the deterioration of English in the different levels of education. The focus of education and culture were on problems of national identity, on re-orientation, renewed vigor and a firm resolution to carve to rock out plans and weapons platformm es.The forms of literature that led during this period were the essays, debates and poetry. The short stories, like the novels and plays were no different in style from those written before the onset of activism. Books authorize The Modern Filipino Short Story(Patricia Melendez Cruz) and picture Time to Love (Ofelia Limcao) came out during this epoch.Period of The Third res publica (1981-1985)After the Martial Rule was lifted, people still seethed with rebellion and protest from the previous oppression and suppression. good because the rule was lifted, it doesnt mean people will be peaceful. The anger and detestation felt didnt dissipate immediately. It was even enflared when the late Benigno S. Aquino Jr. was assassinated.The peoples idol and intrust brutally murdered, who wouldnt feel mad? The aftermath was jumbled yet ironically, the people united and somehow brought change to our country. Such event was considered one of the major turning points in History. It should be noted that Philippine Literature retain its luster inspite of the numerous limitations. Also, the Palanca Awards continued whether on time or delayed.Contemporary Period (1986)Finally, freedom became a reality won by means of peaceful, bloodless and God-blessed revolution. Through everyones effort, independence was blessed to them, true Republic of the Philippines. Several changes in literature during this period was evidentOn Newspapers buddy newspaper became opposition papers overnight (i.e. publicize Today & The Inquirer) and enjoyed an overnight increase in circulation. Being free of restrictions, columnists became forthright and a bumper crop of young journalist emerged. The old stalwarts of the former dispensation came back with retaliation. Excluding tabloids, 19 local anaesthetic dailies, both English & Tagalog, were in circulation by June 1986.On Books Experiences during the Martial Law was enter and Philippine Literature is still progressing. Books that carry print a nd visual events of what occurred during the February Revolution were People Power (by Monina M.A. Mercado & J.B. Reuter) and Bayan Ko (Veritas Publication & communication theory Foundation).Literary awards were incessantly given like the National Book Awards in which in that period, Marjorie Pernia (Dreamwavers Selected Poems) and Damiana L. Eugenio (Awit sa Corrido Philippine Metrical Romances) were awarded according to the alternatives do by the manilla paper Critics Circle. Also, Bookfair Manila 88 by Philippine depict Company was held with the belief that requisition of companionship not lone(prenominal) enhances individual skills & capabilities but more grievously, fakes positive contributions to the nations discipline program.The f freeze offing of Philippine literature in the conglomerate language continues as Filipino writers continue to write whether these are socially committed, gender/ethnic related or in personal intention. They became more sensible of thei r art with the proliferation of writers workshops here and abroad and the multitude of literature available to him via mass media including internet. With versatile literary awards, writers were encouraged to compete with peers and hope that their creative efforts will bore them rewards.With the new requirement by the CHED of teaching of Philippine Literature in all 3rd schools in the country emphasizing the teaching of vernacular literature or literatures of the regions, the earreach for Filipino writers is virtually assured. And, perhaps, a national literature finding its niche among the literatures of the cosmos will not be far foundation.Development of Philippine harmonyThe Filipinos are a tuneful theater nation is a fact. Their beautiful sentimental harmony is the result of their reaction to their physical and emotional environment. However, the Filipinos do not have sufficient sure records of their forefathers invaluable writings because these were destroyed by conqu erors or accidentally lost with carelessness or ignorance. Also, one cannot tell exactly the characteristics of certain epochs of Philippine harmony because medicinal drug whitethorn develop continuously over different periods of level heedless of historic circumstances.Pre-Spanish PeriodAs tuneful people, Filipinos have a particular discolouration of music for every occasion. Our ascendants had their own gathering of nisuss, saltations, and factors which exemplified their sacred and social life. Songs of our ancestors were more of recitative but the melody exudes customs, traditions, and aspirations of the people. Many of these songs were render by non-Christian tribes.former(a) Filipinos had songs for the assorted activities. According to Agoncillo and Zaide, early Filipinos had 1. Ordinary songs (diyuna, talindaw)2. Street songs (indulamin, suliranin)3. Sorrow (dalit, umbay)4. espousals (ihiman)5. Rowing (tigpasin, kalusan)6. Lullaby (hele, hili, oyayi, iyaya)7. S uccess (baling-kungkong, dupayanin, hiliran, sambotani, tagumpay) 8. rest home (tingad)9. General merrymaking (kalipay)10. Counting (urukay)Several Instruments1) Stringa) Buktot/kutibeng/bigwela Visayan guitar made from coco palm font b) Butting/gurimbao bamboo ties with hemps or banana fibers c) Kudyapi/ketyapi/hagalong two- makeed elongated lutingd) Litgit bamboo violine) Pas-ing/kuglong/pantig bamboo guitarf) Karaga guitar used by Karaga people in east coast of Mindanao g) Gurimbao bamboo stemh) Bontok violin/hoggrine/kokin/sawduang/rayanastroni) Negrito violin2) Winda) Bansik/Kalaleng/Palawta four-hole made of mountain cane b) Tulak/tulalo flute with one hole for mouth and six holes for fingers c) Balingling/baling/kipanaw nest fluted) Na encounter/subbing clarinete) Sahunay bamboo flute with coconut leaf trumpet attached to the broken iner end f) Pasiyak water whistleg) Pasyok toy instrument made of leaf of the coconut or genus Nypa for small trump(turutot) h) Diw-diwas thermionic valve instrumenti) Tambuli trumpet made from horn3) Percussiona) Kalutang most primitive pleximetry instrument still used b) Bunkaka/bilbil bamboo musical theater instrumentc) Sulibaw hollow wooden outfoxfish rhythm instrument to mark the times of the dance d) Tugo drume) Ludag drumf) Neguet drumg) Gansa kind of bronze goongh) Kulingtangan set of gradatory melody gongs extensively used i) Gandingan 4 big narrow-lidded gongsj) Babandir single bronze gondk) Gabbang primeval xylophone used in Sulul) Subing Jews harpSpanish Period (1521-1898)Spaniards not only brought their own culture but also European influence which mark the beginning of the cultivation of music as a fine art in the Philippines. The Educational Decree of 1863 was implemented and it providedfor globe education for teachers where vocal music was one of the subjects to be taught. Because of this, Sacred Music was given importance because Christianity was the main goal of Spa nish Colonization.Songsa. Tagulaylay is a melody depicting grief. It is trounce adapted to the reading/singing of the Passion of our Lord during the Holy Week. It is also sung in monotone. b. Palimos is a song of the maneuver asking for almsc. Kumintang is the oldest and most democratic song among Christian Filipinos. It is a nocturnal song sung to the accompaniment of the violin/guitar. It expresses the history, character and tradition of the people. d. Awit is a recitative written in time and in minor key. It is set freely to verses about Philippine known hero. e.Balitaw is a Visayan folksong with is a dance and song though mostly sung. It is dived into 2 classes Balinaw Mayor (derived from the graceful French slow waltz) and Balitaw Menor (characteristically a Visayan love song). f. Kundiman comes from the words Kung Hindi man. It is a Tagalog love song whose rhythmic figure is derived from the lively Spanish bolero a typical waltz. Also, it is the favorite of serenaders. GamesDuplo is an spontaneously competition in which the loser recites a poem, a sort of entertainment to locker the relatives of the deceased.Philippine Folk DancesThere are more than 175 folk dances in the Philippine which have remained unchanged through the years. Because Filipinos enjoyed European dances particularly fandango, curacha, tango, sapateado and the stately rigodon, some of these folk dances were modify to meet the call for for change as red-brickization pauperizations. These dances reflect almost all aspects of the peoples lives religious, occupational, entertainment, recreational, courtship, marriage, baptism and even war.According to Mrs. Lucrecia Urtula, Philipine indigeneous music acan bedivided into three distinct groups The RondallaThe instruments of Islamic Filipinos (assortment of brass instruments) The instruments of the mountain region tribes (i.e. gong, flute, drums)Early Philippine TheatreThere were sundry(a) native stage presentations Filipinos en joyed during the Spanish period. The most public vernacular presentations were the moro-moro, carillo and Zarzuela. During occasions of town fiestas, performers used provisional stage of nipa and bamboo. Later, huge theatre bodegas with pyramidal roofs such as those seen over cockpits appeared. The Moro-moro depicts the battle amidst Christians & Muslims, the adaptations of legends about knight-errants & princesses, the triumphant entry/ overhaul of the conqueror and the downfall of the vanquished accompanied by Spanish music.The Carillo is a shadow play using puppets made from cardboard skillfully manipulated by a narrator behind the screen. The themes are usually derived from the libretto from Don Quixote, Buhay ng Mahal na Panginoong Hesukristo and Don Juan Tenorio. The Zarzuela are makeshift plots by comedians using comic, tragic, fantastic, melodramatic, or a combination of all. It does not have a definite form. Singing was free and imaginative.Performers make extemporaneou s comments. At times, the audience swapped comments with the artists. It is utter that Zarzuela originated from Pampanga hence, they are the best. Before the birth of talkies and television, zarzuelas used to be the most popular form of entertainment especially during the barrio fiesta.The Bamboo organ of Las PiasThe man who conceived the idea of twist the bamboo organ was a young Spanish priest of the Augustinian Recollect order, Fr. Diego Cera dela Virgen del Carmen. Due to low funds, he along with the village craftsmen created the Bamboo Organ and was credited for it. The organ has undergone repairs in several years. It is the oldest and most unique musical instrument for its durability is unsurpassed for having lasted more than clx years compared to most organs of only 15 years.American Period (1898-1941)The first known law affecting the Philippine Public School System was expression 74 of the Philippine commission which provided musket ball training for teachers. The Ameri can Educational systems have greatly influenced the Philippine system of musical education with the treatment of music as part of a broad variant of liberal education. American textbooks and song books were used.The radio, phonograph, and movies helped unfold world culture. American singing through jazz invaded the country. Nevertheless, the spirit of nationalism triggered by the Spanish revolution, pushed Pilipino composers to use the native folk songs for their thematic materials. With the establishment of conservatories (school for special instruction in music), formal education in music started. Under a program of specialization was the training program for professionals which produced music specialist such as performer, composer, transcriber, conductor, researcher, musicologist, arranger, theorist, essayist, and critic.Philippine OperaIt was believed that Philippine Opera evolved from the Zarzuela. And because of the various opera companies engaged in the production of Zarzue la, Manila was dubbed Italy of the OrientJapanese concern Period (1942-1945)This was the darkest epoch in the history of the Philippines. The Japanese wanted only oriental person slipway for the people. This gave the Filipinos no other choice but to revert to their traditional ways of entertainment opera, musical plays and drama although a few appreciated Japanese music.Post Liberation Period (1945-1946)The Filipino is a lover of music. Music is as important as the air he breaths. He finds adequate expression of his feelings through singing, moving, creating, compete an instrument, and just listening. The reawakening of interest in change forms of culture is manifested in the proliferation of ensembles, vocal and subservient not only in schools but also in churches, government and cloak-and-dagger offices, communities and within thefamily. Not only the adroit in institutions get involved but even the out of school youth has his share of participation.The peoples patrimony of the country caused the use of native instruments through rondalla, a favorite performing string ensemble in all public schools, private institutions, government offices, and other musically interested groups. Need for professional growth is evident in the holding of in-service-training programs, seminars, workshops, and conferences sponsored by schools, government agencies, and musical organizations. Teaching efficacy in music is assured with the denomination of Bachelor of Music graduates in use Music and Music Education as teachers. School songs, choral and instrumental arrangements are available in the market.Forms/CompositionsPhilippine Music comes in a variety of forms, book binding a wide spectrum of sources, geographically and historically representing more than 100 ethno-linguistic groups as good as different social and pagan environments in the Philippines. The totality of these forms may be categorized into three distinct repertorys 1) Asian oral traditions 2) weste rnized oral traditions and 3) western-influenced art and popular music, and semi classical music. The first sept covers forms that are closely related to the cultural traditions of Southeast Asia.In the Philippines, such traditions are practiced among the villages in the Cordillera Administrative Region, in the upland areas of Palawan, Mindoro and eastern Mindanao, the predominantly Muslim communities in western Mindanao and Sulu, as thoroughly as the different Negrito communities across the archipelago, e.g. Federal Luzon, Bicol and separate of Panay and Mindanao. Most of the musical forms are performed in connection with rites of theodolite and life cycle events as well as occupational activities.These occasions consist of birth, knowledgeableness and graduation ceremonies courtship and marriage goal and funeral rites hunting, fishing, planting and harvest healing and various forms of armed conflicts. The second category of musical forms consists of orally transmitted genre s and compositions that are performed in rural Christian communities in Luzon, Visayas and parts of lowland Mindanao, and are ordinaryly referred to as Philippine folk music.Their origins may be traced through four evolutionary processes 1) forms that have been introduced by the Spanish compound power and later adopted and modified by local artists and performers (metrical romances) 2) syncretic and mark forms that have been locally assimilated elements from Western religious traditions (subli, sanghiyang) and 4) locally processed songs based on older pre-colonial tunes (planting songs, children s play songs, lullabies, love songs and serenades).Much of Philippine folk music are found in the religious and paraliturgical repertorys of countryside Christian communities, as well as in various forms of entertainment and rites of passage such as marriage and funeral ceremonies.The third category of Philippine musical forms are found in urban communities and centers of population. In th e last 100 years, Filipino composers have written works in the standard Western art music forms (chamber music, symphonious music, opera, serswela, etc.) and contemporary music styles, as well as the latest popular music industry- Latin American, jazz, country, rock, folk, rap, etc. In addition, modern compositions have also been written for such theatrical forms as dance and/or ballet, drama, musicales, and cinema.Outside the symphony orchestra tradition and the Filipino theater, the Filipinos have also developed a repertoire for three distinct musical ensembles the band (brass and bamboo), the rondalla and the chorus. The Philippine band repertoire consists of marches, overtures, symphonic poems, concertant pieces, and medleys of Filipino folk tunes, which are performed duing the military and civic parades, as well as formal and semi-tests the playing heroism and physical endurance of the competing musicians. Incidental pieces for the comedia and other forms of local theater have also been written for the band.The rondalla(plucked string ensemble) that was introduced by Spain as the estudiantina and comparsa, has a similar repertoire. It consists of marches and pasodoble pieces (fast and glorious music in two), medleys and arrangements of Filipino folk songs, overtures, concertant music, and folk dance accompaniments. In recent years, Filipino composers have written respectable art pieces for the rondalla or individual rondalla instruments. In modern compositions, the rondalla instruments are also combine with symphonic instruments. In the field of vocal music, choral music in the Philippines has dramatically expanded in the last fifty years, with the riseof the high quality choral singing and the countrywide proliferation of choral groups in all sectors of society church , government, business organisation and culture. Initially, Philippine choral music consisted of folksong arrangements, old masses and hymns, as well as locally composed operas and sarswelas. Today, the repertoire has been augmented by local madrigal-like pieces, arrangements of popular love songs, and large scale compositions are very much in demand during choral competitions and choral festivals that occur during the Christmas season.Although Philippine musical forms may be classified advertisement according to a few general categories, e.g. welcome song, song debates, courtship music, etc. each culturally-related genre has its own distinctive features which include, language and/or idiom, style of translation and other elements. For example, the pasyon in Pampanga and the pasyon from Bulacan would greatly differ from each other in language, the tunes used, the number of singers, and performance style (leader-chorus, antiphonal, etc.).BibliographyKahayon, Alicia, et. al. (1989). Philippine literature Choice selections from a Historical Perspective. Croghan, S.J., Richard. (1975). The development of Philippine literature in incline (since 1900). Rivadelo, R.F. (1987). Music education Materials & methods. pp79-103 Baas, Raymundo. (1979). Philippine music and theater. Pp8-16 Godinez-Ortega, C.F. The Literary forms in Philippine literature. Retrieved on August 10, 2013. Retrieved from http//www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Literature/literary_forms_in_philippine_lit.htm Santos, Ramon P. Philippine Music Forms/Composition. Retrieved on August 10, 2013. Retrieved from http//www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?immunoglobulin M=1&i=152.

Dubai Residents Nowadays Spend Too Much on Shopping

Yes it is agreed as it is a young red-brick city transformed from a desert, hence has interpreted the best of the cities to make it the best . As a result the bench mark of lifestyle is game for e. g. cars, designer labels be imported as Dubai doesnt manufactures it, therefore consumer has to pay if he wants. These luxuries argon a necessity be it as a office of travel etc.However the city is un placateed and has many multicultural universes hence results in confused demands. There are various reasons for obtain in Dubai such as post addiction, status attri barelye etc, another reason is that the activities are limited and visits to obtain malls results in shop. Growing trims of shopping noticed in dubai in last few years in resident of dubai. Every individual who lives in dubai straight off are more than into the shopping phobia.Above instruction is stated on use of following attributies 1. pecuniaryly Stable body politic 2. Highest Salary Graph 3. target A bundance 4. geographical Location 5. air In The Air 6. Unlimited Advertisement. 1) Dubai is nowa daytimes hatful round the origination are projectn seeking interest in setting up their business entities in midpoint eastward and approximately Dubai . Furthermore according to H. H Shk Muhammad Bin Al Rashid Al Makhtoum (Vice president and regulation of Dubai ) stated that in previous two years tidy sum are having more confident to grade their m iodiney in Dubai as it has been financially persistent during the recession whch as well ask place in 2008 , the evidence to it is that and there was recession in the country but it did not effect the ambition and addiction of residents on shopping , it was seen that shopping malls were seen crowded every season , which makes sensation say that Dubai is Financially Stable Country . )The Second reason of why Dubai Residents spend too much coin on shopping is that the pay graph is noticed to be increasing day by day which is cause of getting given to shopping , it can in any case be referred as excess of m hotshoty , however because of this increasing recompense residents are addicted to debase crossed ingathering to maintain their status in society. Studies have realised that UAE has the regions highest individual spenders, with each of its 8. 2 gazillion muckle spending an average amount of $21,577 (Dhs 79,522) per annum . (Arab Monetory Fund 2010). The world highest apparel sales per capital is at $785 (Dhs 2,865) .At kearneys Global Retail ) . Furthermore most of the Housewives in Dubai spend their time in wad parties and other social activities , and for these activities they spend a destiny money on brands , beauty saloon , health spa , designer label clothes etc . However these are afforded only because there is increase in pay which eventually increase the addiction to shopping. Hence the payment graph plays an important role in shopping addiction among the residents of Dubai . 3) Brand Abundance is said to be one of the major cause of over expenditures on shopping attitude in Dubai residents.As the financial stability hits the region of Dubai every major brand let onlet is easy to find in Dubai , cod to number of malls and various brands stores. This makes Dubai resident more brand conscious and as a result overexposure to labels , brands and novelties are found in Dubai. Which maintains the habit of shopping among Dubai Residents. This also makes a reson for every brand to target Dubai as the consumption is seen more in this part of mediate East. much(prenominal) is the case with Bloomingdales , Parada , Nichols and many other brands . ) Geographical Location is Excessive shopping happened in dubai is because of geographical location. The geographical location of the city also favors inordinate shopping. Dubai has a hot and moist type of weather. For that cause, race are ambitious to the big air-conditioned shopping malls. There, they are over depict ion to the advertisement and charisma of the major brands and that makes them shop more. Brands here are that profit-oriented, and do not run environmental campaigns in the park or on the beach, but in the mall. Also, as it was previously talk roughly Dubai is a shopping hub due to the citys geographical location.People from China, Saudi Arabia and Europe visit Dubai on a holiday or simply on a shopping extravaganza from corner to the malls. It seems that this desire for shopping is reflecting on Dubai residents as well. Whenever you go out, and that means most of the time to the shopping mall, you see smile tourists carrying a multitude of glossy shopping bags. 5) Fashion in the Air A number of index number events resembling Dubai World Cup horse cannonball along or the Oil Barrons Ball, and never-ending harvesting launches require attendants to dress to the occasions where often they are judged on their outfits by the rest of the crowd.As a result, people have become high ly elan conscious and this is another reason why are Dubai residents addicted to shopping. 6) Unlimited Advertisement is publicise during the past few years become repressive, obtrusive and long for most of the people who live in Dubai. Since the significance you awake and turn the radio on, you get attacked with offers and promotions. When you pose approximately Dubai, you see advertisement everywhere and in all forms, from billboards to TV screens. Public transport is one of the major source the brands are using for their advertisements.Such as * Nowadays, the movies in the Reel Cinema live on 25 minutes later, because the cinema makes huge globe of profit by stateing its public a rich variety of advertisements. * This is understandable, but up to more or less extent Five ads at the time are quite enough for most of the people, but in Dubai you get to see 35 or more various advertisements before the film starts. The inferior advertisement seller is the TV network. A TV state that is supposed to last 35 minutes, for example, consists of almost 21 minutes advertisement and 14 minutes content.In addition, the TV ads are literary stuffed by 20 or even 25 in blocks of approximately five minutes each. For example, during The Entrepreneur TV limn of 35 minutes, you can watch 4 or 5 times the same advertisement for Coca-Cola. This is no longer even an effective advertisement, because it doesnt jeer you to drink Coca-Cola, but boars you. In many countries around the world, TV advertisement is regulated by law. assiduity experts say that in the United Kingdom, for every one hour of TV program viewers should see 9 minutes of advertisement.In the United States, the norm is stretched to 17 minutes of ads for each hour of show or film. (London Hilton mall- 2011 Peoples from dubai spends around 100 one thousand million pounds due to Olympics 2012 last year they are futile to get more business from the same aristocracy but currently they are expecting 15 0 million pounds business from these peoples in 2013. ) According to a scan Only one in five people, or 35 share of UAE respondents, said opulence was over and above what you need, the Synovate survey of 8,000 people in 11 countries found.This attitude comes from the large number of designer shops, high-end hotels and plush shopping malls in the emirates, said Per-Henrik Karlsson, Synovates business development director in Dubai. This creates aspirational demeanour among expats, tourists and locals alike. It starts even before you arrive, as the Emirates Airlines pre-landing video about Dubai is all about shopping, luxury cars and hotels, And once on the ground, its everywhere the main highway is full of billboards advertising luxury brands. Even eating out in Dubai is part of this lifestyle, with some luxury brands operating their testify food and beverage outlets in malls. The Middle East mass luxury goods sector is set to bend 10 percent a year, Bahrains Investcorp said pri mitively this year, boosted by the regions young population and relative wealth. The survey found the UAE was also among the go across locations for logo-branded goods, with 58 percent of residents saying they preferred to buy designer items. The other two countries were India, with 79 percent and Hong Kong with 68 percent. The country with the lowest percentage of people preferring news was the UK with 46 percent. Showing off logos is not seen as bad taste whether its oldish or new money doesnt matter nearly as much as simply having moneyIn fact, another newly popular trend here is buying brands that sport oversize logos, like certain shirts the more ostentatious, the better, Karlsson said. Another statistic to come out of the survey, published in December, was that 14 percent of people in the UAE most value the feeling that I have something my friends and colleagues do not have. twenty three percent of UAE residents said they purchase luxury items As soon as I reconcile I wan t it, I buy it the here and now highest figure behind India with 28 percent.However, consumer confidence was account to have slipped for the first time in the UAE since March, the modish quarterly survey by Bayt. com and YouGov Siraj found. (ByElsa Baxter , Tuesday, 12 January 2010 803 AM , business . com ) Thus it can be concluded stating that though the addiction of shopping is seen in Dubai residents but however it is increasing the economy of Dubai as there is more consumption and every one in Dubai is buying them whether it be a person of any classified category , the biggest reason which seen and hear it that to maintain the status in society .