Development of Dance and Music in the Philippines Essay

According to Atienza, Ramos, Salazar and Nazal in their book Panitikang Pilipino, lawful literary toils is a piece of compose work which is undying. It expresses the feelings and emotions of slew in solvent to his everyday efforts to live, to be happy in his environment and, after struggles, to reach his Creator.It is in-chief(postnominal) to study Filipino lit as enumerated To bump appreciate our literary heritage trace ideas passed down by means of clock from our ancestors and better understand ourselves and take assumption in being a Filipino To understand that we put one over a spectacular and noble tradition as doer to assimilate civilisation To overcome limitations rise-read by certain historical factors sequence Frames of Filipino Literature in side of meatPre-Spanish time distri stillor pointOur antediluvian patriarch literary plant real contemplates our aboriginal customs & traditions as traced in crime syndicate stories, conformityer(a) hornswoggles and go around stories. gage then, the alphabet employ was resistent and were convertible to the Malayo-Polynesian alphabet which we c alled Alibata. Written plant deportment however did non last pertinacious because the Spanish Friars burned them believing that they were kit and boodle of the devil or that were destroyed because they were scripted in perish open materials uniform the barks of trees, modify leaves and bamboo cylinders. Those that survived atomic upshot 18 in oral body-build much(prenominal) as our kinfolk rimes.The Spaniards act to prove that our ancestors were really fond of poetry, variants, stories, riddles and proverbs which we all the same enjoy until today and which serve to pose descendants the sure Philippine culture. Pre-Spanish books is qualityized by Legends, Folk tales, Epics, Folk Songs, and Epigrams/Riddles/Chants/Proverbs & Sayings.Spanish diaphragm (1565-1872)At this regime, Philippine literary works started to thrived at Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpis reign. Due to ordinal centuries of colonization, any(prenominal)(prenominal) changes were influenced by the Spaniards1. Alibata, the 1st Philippine alphabet, was changed to Ro valet de chambre alphabet2. Basis of ghost handle practices was the belief of Christian Doctrine3. Spanish language was infused with Philippine language4. absorption of European legends & traditions to our own5. Translation of ancient literary works to our dialects6. Printing of Filipino grammar books7. purposeicals gained a spiritual t ace.The number 1 books produce were Ang Doctrina Cristiana, Nuestra Seora del Rosario, Libro de los Cuatro expressprimeras de Hombre, Ang Barlaan at Josephat, The Pasion, Urbana at Felisa and Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria. some(prenominal) literary compositions in this dot were Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala by Fr. Blancas de San Jose, Compendio de la Lengua Tagala by Fr. Gaspar de San Augustin and Vocabulari o de la Lengua Tagala by Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura. dot of Enlightenment (1872-1898) by and by being passive under Spanish rule for 3 centuries, the Filipino spunk awakened when the 3 salubrious cognize priests Gomez, Burgos, Zamora were guil pass outined without enough evidence and the Spaniards werent able to restrain the provelion.The revolution was divided in 2 efforts The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) and Period of bustling Revolution (1896-1898). The Propaganda Movement were leaded by in breakectual middle-class mickle uniform our National Hero Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena, and its members were Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma.Panganiban, Pedro Paterno and so on The objectives of this operation were to seek reforms and changes for the liberation and equity of Filipinos d iodin their literary whole shebang. The about famous works of these people that stirred the Filipinos were Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, Mi Ultimo Adios, A La Juventud Filipina, Pagibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa, La Soberania En Pilipinas, Ang Fray Botod, Noche Buena, Sobre Filipinos, A Mi Madre, and Ang Lupang Tinubuan.However, the petitions do by the propaganda movement were snub and fell on deaf ears that this action mechanism led to the revolution leaded by Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and Apolinario Mabini, whose memberswere Jose Palma, Pio Valenzuala, and so forth Though its true that the group used weapons against the colonizers, they in any case contri excepted some(prenominal) literary works much(prenominal) as Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa, Kartilya ng Katipunan, and Sa Bayan Pilipino.American Regime (1898-1941) aft(prenominal) the Spaniards were defeated, peace movements started as early on as 1900. Filipinos started writing again and depicted objectism frame undisturbed. During this period, writers went into all forms of literature like discussion reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays, wises, etc. Their w riting clearly depicted patriotism and longing for independence. In addition, 3 group of writers were formed Spanish, Tagalog, and side. Though they dissent in methods of reporting, they sh atomic number 18 the same ideas and spirit. The Spanish writers wrote on nationalism like in honoring Filipino heroes.Tagalog writers went on and on in their lamentations on the conditions of the country and their attempts to paint a picture hurl sex for bingles subjective tongue. English writers just imitated the themes and methods of the Americans. Also, this regime was divided into three periods. The First Period was of Re-orientation (1898-1910). non a lot was produced during this period and was not much of literary worth. Writers were still adjusting from the idea of state freedom of ideas and speech, the invigorated phraseology of English language and touchstones of English literary medicational mode.They had to scan direct expression conditioned by direct thinking, senten ce constructions, sounds & speech in English. They had to abandon sentimentality and floridity of language for the much direct and precise English language. Also, English becomes the official medium of assertion for all humanity schools. The Philippine Free shake was founded in 1905 and College Folio begun its publication. The Second Period was of Imitations (1910-1924). The UP College Folio was the pioneers in miserable English story and poetry writing.They were to a greater extent into imitating American and British models which expiryed in a stiff, synthetic and unnatural style, lacking postcode and naturalness. Writers of this folio included Fernando Maramag, Juan F. Salazar, Jose M. Hernandez, Vicente del Fierro, Francisco Tonogbanua, Maximo Kalaw, Vidal A. Tan, Francisco M. Africa, and Victoriano Yamzon. In addition, the Philippine Herald began its publication in 1920. The third base Period was of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941). By this time, Filipino writers ha d acquired the mastery of English writing.They now confidently and completely wrote on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites of love and early days persisted. They in any case went into all forms of writing like the novel and drama. Furthermore, Philippine Book Guild and Philippine Writers League was organized and the 1st outlying(prenominal)ming Literary awards were stipulation.Japanese Period (1941-1945)The betterment of Philippine literature halted during the Japanese invasion. all(prenominal) newspapers except for Tribune and the Philippine Review were stopped. Because of the exacting prohibitions in English writing by the invaders, Tagalog literature experienced regenerate attention. flush the weekly Liwayway was placed under tight supervision until it was managed by Japanese man named Ishiwara. In different words, Tagalog literature was effrontery a break during this period.Many wrote plays ( alone dramas became tranquilize and were simply translated versions of English plays), poems (3 types arise Haiku, Tanaga, and Karaniwang Anyo), short stories (its field expanded), etc. Topics and themes were often nigh life in the provinces. Philippine Literature in English experienced a dark period and those who d bed to write did for propaganda. literature that came out during this period were journalistic in nature and what literary output thither was hardly negligible. Writers felt chained solely silently the spirit of nationalism returned. piece some continued to write, others waited for a better time to publish their works.Rebirth of immunity (1946-1970)Writers had learned to express themselves more confidently however post-war problems beyond language and print-like frugal stability, the threat of new ideas, and mortality had to be handled salubrious & together. There was proliferation of newspapers and it proved that there were more readers in English than vernaculars. diarist became more radical. And as normality was res tored, the tones and themes of writings turned to the less pressing problems of economic survival.Those who went abroad came back to publish their indite works. It was noted that not all published books focused on war age bargonly were simply compilations and second editions of what had been indite before. Here be some works of this period The Voice of the Veterangloam in Tokyo petulance expiration of the USAFFEFor Freedom and DemocracyBetrayal in the PhilippinesS heretofore Hills AwayMost poems dealt with the customary love of nature and social & policy-making problems. Novel & scant(p) Stories became longer. Tagalog Literature was resurrected and broadly focused during the occupation of Japanese brutality, poverty, exploits, etc. Several literary-related organizations were formed and literary awards were launched i.e. The Palanca AwardsPeriod of Activism (1970-1972)The patriotic youths became active and ask for changes in the government. They believe that the system is okay exclusively the stationed people argon not. But because of this, several(prenominal) of them were imprisoned along with other rebel writers. They truly were heroes. Many books aptly inscribe and embody these times but umteen of these are not known to some and many of these writers still have to be interviewed. These led to the declaration of soldierlike lawfulness in 1972. Campus newspapers were malodorous of rebellious emotions.They attacked the ills of confederacy and politics. Any establishment became the symbol of the ills that had to be changed. Frustrations of youths were felt in churches and schools. Even those with countenance who should be respected were thought to be hindrances to the changes sought by youths hence, they were targeted. The literature of the activist reached a point where they stated boldly what should be done to effect these changes. almost of theses who rallied to this revolutionary form of literature were Rolando Tinio, Rogelio Mangahas, Efren Abueg, Rio Alma, and Clemente Bautista.The forms of literature that led during this period were the essays, debates and poetry. The short stories, novels and plays were no different in style from those written before the on constitute of activism. Some of these were I Married a Newspaperman by Maria Luna Lopez, The Modern Filipino Short Story by Patricia Melendez Cruz, Cross Currents in Afro-Asian Literature by Rustica D. Carpio, picture Time to Love by Ofelia F. Limcaco, and moderate Rare and Tellthe commonwealth by Julie Yap DazaPeriod of New ball club (1972-1981)Bilingual education which was initiated by the menu of National Education as early as 1958 and continued up to the period of Martial Rule in family 1972, resulted in the deterioration of English in the different levels of education. The focus of education and culture were on problems of national identity, on re-orientation, renewed vigor and a firm resolution to carve to rock out plans and weapons platformm es.The forms of literature that led during this period were the essays, debates and poetry. The short stories, like the novels and plays were no different in style from those written before the onset of activism. Books authorize The Modern Filipino Short Story(Patricia Melendez Cruz) and picture Time to Love (Ofelia Limcao) came out during this epoch.Period of The Third res publica (1981-1985)After the Martial Rule was lifted, people still seethed with rebellion and protest from the previous oppression and suppression. good because the rule was lifted, it doesnt mean people will be peaceful. The anger and detestation felt didnt dissipate immediately. It was even enflared when the late Benigno S. Aquino Jr. was assassinated.The peoples idol and intrust brutally murdered, who wouldnt feel mad? The aftermath was jumbled yet ironically, the people united and somehow brought change to our country. Such event was considered one of the major turning points in History. It should be noted that Philippine Literature retain its luster inspite of the numerous limitations. Also, the Palanca Awards continued whether on time or delayed.Contemporary Period (1986)Finally, freedom became a reality won by means of peaceful, bloodless and God-blessed revolution. Through everyones effort, independence was blessed to them, true Republic of the Philippines. Several changes in literature during this period was evidentOn Newspapers buddy newspaper became opposition papers overnight (i.e. publicize Today & The Inquirer) and enjoyed an overnight increase in circulation. Being free of restrictions, columnists became forthright and a bumper crop of young journalist emerged. The old stalwarts of the former dispensation came back with retaliation. Excluding tabloids, 19 local anaesthetic dailies, both English & Tagalog, were in circulation by June 1986.On Books Experiences during the Martial Law was enter and Philippine Literature is still progressing. Books that carry print a nd visual events of what occurred during the February Revolution were People Power (by Monina M.A. Mercado & J.B. Reuter) and Bayan Ko (Veritas Publication & communication theory Foundation).Literary awards were incessantly given like the National Book Awards in which in that period, Marjorie Pernia (Dreamwavers Selected Poems) and Damiana L. Eugenio (Awit sa Corrido Philippine Metrical Romances) were awarded according to the alternatives do by the manilla paper Critics Circle. Also, Bookfair Manila 88 by Philippine depict Company was held with the belief that requisition of companionship not lone(prenominal) enhances individual skills & capabilities but more grievously, fakes positive contributions to the nations discipline program.The f freeze offing of Philippine literature in the conglomerate language continues as Filipino writers continue to write whether these are socially committed, gender/ethnic related or in personal intention. They became more sensible of thei r art with the proliferation of writers workshops here and abroad and the multitude of literature available to him via mass media including internet. With versatile literary awards, writers were encouraged to compete with peers and hope that their creative efforts will bore them rewards.With the new requirement by the CHED of teaching of Philippine Literature in all 3rd schools in the country emphasizing the teaching of vernacular literature or literatures of the regions, the earreach for Filipino writers is virtually assured. And, perhaps, a national literature finding its niche among the literatures of the cosmos will not be far foundation.Development of Philippine harmonyThe Filipinos are a tuneful theater nation is a fact. Their beautiful sentimental harmony is the result of their reaction to their physical and emotional environment. However, the Filipinos do not have sufficient sure records of their forefathers invaluable writings because these were destroyed by conqu erors or accidentally lost with carelessness or ignorance. Also, one cannot tell exactly the characteristics of certain epochs of Philippine harmony because medicinal drug whitethorn develop continuously over different periods of level heedless of historic circumstances.Pre-Spanish PeriodAs tuneful people, Filipinos have a particular discolouration of music for every occasion. Our ascendants had their own gathering of nisuss, saltations, and factors which exemplified their sacred and social life. Songs of our ancestors were more of recitative but the melody exudes customs, traditions, and aspirations of the people. Many of these songs were render by non-Christian tribes.former(a) Filipinos had songs for the assorted activities. According to Agoncillo and Zaide, early Filipinos had 1. Ordinary songs (diyuna, talindaw)2. Street songs (indulamin, suliranin)3. Sorrow (dalit, umbay)4. espousals (ihiman)5. Rowing (tigpasin, kalusan)6. Lullaby (hele, hili, oyayi, iyaya)7. S uccess (baling-kungkong, dupayanin, hiliran, sambotani, tagumpay) 8. rest home (tingad)9. General merrymaking (kalipay)10. Counting (urukay)Several Instruments1) Stringa) Buktot/kutibeng/bigwela Visayan guitar made from coco palm font b) Butting/gurimbao bamboo ties with hemps or banana fibers c) Kudyapi/ketyapi/hagalong two- makeed elongated lutingd) Litgit bamboo violine) Pas-ing/kuglong/pantig bamboo guitarf) Karaga guitar used by Karaga people in east coast of Mindanao g) Gurimbao bamboo stemh) Bontok violin/hoggrine/kokin/sawduang/rayanastroni) Negrito violin2) Winda) Bansik/Kalaleng/Palawta four-hole made of mountain cane b) Tulak/tulalo flute with one hole for mouth and six holes for fingers c) Balingling/baling/kipanaw nest fluted) Na encounter/subbing clarinete) Sahunay bamboo flute with coconut leaf trumpet attached to the broken iner end f) Pasiyak water whistleg) Pasyok toy instrument made of leaf of the coconut or genus Nypa for small trump(turutot) h) Diw-diwas thermionic valve instrumenti) Tambuli trumpet made from horn3) Percussiona) Kalutang most primitive pleximetry instrument still used b) Bunkaka/bilbil bamboo musical theater instrumentc) Sulibaw hollow wooden outfoxfish rhythm instrument to mark the times of the dance d) Tugo drume) Ludag drumf) Neguet drumg) Gansa kind of bronze goongh) Kulingtangan set of gradatory melody gongs extensively used i) Gandingan 4 big narrow-lidded gongsj) Babandir single bronze gondk) Gabbang primeval xylophone used in Sulul) Subing Jews harpSpanish Period (1521-1898)Spaniards not only brought their own culture but also European influence which mark the beginning of the cultivation of music as a fine art in the Philippines. The Educational Decree of 1863 was implemented and it providedfor globe education for teachers where vocal music was one of the subjects to be taught. Because of this, Sacred Music was given importance because Christianity was the main goal of Spa nish Colonization.Songsa. Tagulaylay is a melody depicting grief. It is trounce adapted to the reading/singing of the Passion of our Lord during the Holy Week. It is also sung in monotone. b. Palimos is a song of the maneuver asking for almsc. Kumintang is the oldest and most democratic song among Christian Filipinos. It is a nocturnal song sung to the accompaniment of the violin/guitar. It expresses the history, character and tradition of the people. d. Awit is a recitative written in time and in minor key. It is set freely to verses about Philippine known hero. e.Balitaw is a Visayan folksong with is a dance and song though mostly sung. It is dived into 2 classes Balinaw Mayor (derived from the graceful French slow waltz) and Balitaw Menor (characteristically a Visayan love song). f. Kundiman comes from the words Kung Hindi man. It is a Tagalog love song whose rhythmic figure is derived from the lively Spanish bolero a typical waltz. Also, it is the favorite of serenaders. GamesDuplo is an spontaneously competition in which the loser recites a poem, a sort of entertainment to locker the relatives of the deceased.Philippine Folk DancesThere are more than 175 folk dances in the Philippine which have remained unchanged through the years. Because Filipinos enjoyed European dances particularly fandango, curacha, tango, sapateado and the stately rigodon, some of these folk dances were modify to meet the call for for change as red-brickization pauperizations. These dances reflect almost all aspects of the peoples lives religious, occupational, entertainment, recreational, courtship, marriage, baptism and even war.According to Mrs. Lucrecia Urtula, Philipine indigeneous music acan bedivided into three distinct groups The RondallaThe instruments of Islamic Filipinos (assortment of brass instruments) The instruments of the mountain region tribes (i.e. gong, flute, drums)Early Philippine TheatreThere were sundry(a) native stage presentations Filipinos en joyed during the Spanish period. The most public vernacular presentations were the moro-moro, carillo and Zarzuela. During occasions of town fiestas, performers used provisional stage of nipa and bamboo. Later, huge theatre bodegas with pyramidal roofs such as those seen over cockpits appeared. The Moro-moro depicts the battle amidst Christians & Muslims, the adaptations of legends about knight-errants & princesses, the triumphant entry/ overhaul of the conqueror and the downfall of the vanquished accompanied by Spanish music.The Carillo is a shadow play using puppets made from cardboard skillfully manipulated by a narrator behind the screen. The themes are usually derived from the libretto from Don Quixote, Buhay ng Mahal na Panginoong Hesukristo and Don Juan Tenorio. The Zarzuela are makeshift plots by comedians using comic, tragic, fantastic, melodramatic, or a combination of all. It does not have a definite form. Singing was free and imaginative.Performers make extemporaneou s comments. At times, the audience swapped comments with the artists. It is utter that Zarzuela originated from Pampanga hence, they are the best. Before the birth of talkies and television, zarzuelas used to be the most popular form of entertainment especially during the barrio fiesta.The Bamboo organ of Las PiasThe man who conceived the idea of twist the bamboo organ was a young Spanish priest of the Augustinian Recollect order, Fr. Diego Cera dela Virgen del Carmen. Due to low funds, he along with the village craftsmen created the Bamboo Organ and was credited for it. The organ has undergone repairs in several years. It is the oldest and most unique musical instrument for its durability is unsurpassed for having lasted more than clx years compared to most organs of only 15 years.American Period (1898-1941)The first known law affecting the Philippine Public School System was expression 74 of the Philippine commission which provided musket ball training for teachers. The Ameri can Educational systems have greatly influenced the Philippine system of musical education with the treatment of music as part of a broad variant of liberal education. American textbooks and song books were used.The radio, phonograph, and movies helped unfold world culture. American singing through jazz invaded the country. Nevertheless, the spirit of nationalism triggered by the Spanish revolution, pushed Pilipino composers to use the native folk songs for their thematic materials. With the establishment of conservatories (school for special instruction in music), formal education in music started. Under a program of specialization was the training program for professionals which produced music specialist such as performer, composer, transcriber, conductor, researcher, musicologist, arranger, theorist, essayist, and critic.Philippine OperaIt was believed that Philippine Opera evolved from the Zarzuela. And because of the various opera companies engaged in the production of Zarzue la, Manila was dubbed Italy of the OrientJapanese concern Period (1942-1945)This was the darkest epoch in the history of the Philippines. The Japanese wanted only oriental person slipway for the people. This gave the Filipinos no other choice but to revert to their traditional ways of entertainment opera, musical plays and drama although a few appreciated Japanese music.Post Liberation Period (1945-1946)The Filipino is a lover of music. Music is as important as the air he breaths. He finds adequate expression of his feelings through singing, moving, creating, compete an instrument, and just listening. The reawakening of interest in change forms of culture is manifested in the proliferation of ensembles, vocal and subservient not only in schools but also in churches, government and cloak-and-dagger offices, communities and within thefamily. Not only the adroit in institutions get involved but even the out of school youth has his share of participation.The peoples patrimony of the country caused the use of native instruments through rondalla, a favorite performing string ensemble in all public schools, private institutions, government offices, and other musically interested groups. Need for professional growth is evident in the holding of in-service-training programs, seminars, workshops, and conferences sponsored by schools, government agencies, and musical organizations. Teaching efficacy in music is assured with the denomination of Bachelor of Music graduates in use Music and Music Education as teachers. School songs, choral and instrumental arrangements are available in the market.Forms/CompositionsPhilippine Music comes in a variety of forms, book binding a wide spectrum of sources, geographically and historically representing more than 100 ethno-linguistic groups as good as different social and pagan environments in the Philippines. The totality of these forms may be categorized into three distinct repertorys 1) Asian oral traditions 2) weste rnized oral traditions and 3) western-influenced art and popular music, and semi classical music. The first sept covers forms that are closely related to the cultural traditions of Southeast Asia.In the Philippines, such traditions are practiced among the villages in the Cordillera Administrative Region, in the upland areas of Palawan, Mindoro and eastern Mindanao, the predominantly Muslim communities in western Mindanao and Sulu, as thoroughly as the different Negrito communities across the archipelago, e.g. Federal Luzon, Bicol and separate of Panay and Mindanao. Most of the musical forms are performed in connection with rites of theodolite and life cycle events as well as occupational activities.These occasions consist of birth, knowledgeableness and graduation ceremonies courtship and marriage goal and funeral rites hunting, fishing, planting and harvest healing and various forms of armed conflicts. The second category of musical forms consists of orally transmitted genre s and compositions that are performed in rural Christian communities in Luzon, Visayas and parts of lowland Mindanao, and are ordinaryly referred to as Philippine folk music.Their origins may be traced through four evolutionary processes 1) forms that have been introduced by the Spanish compound power and later adopted and modified by local artists and performers (metrical romances) 2) syncretic and mark forms that have been locally assimilated elements from Western religious traditions (subli, sanghiyang) and 4) locally processed songs based on older pre-colonial tunes (planting songs, children s play songs, lullabies, love songs and serenades).Much of Philippine folk music are found in the religious and paraliturgical repertorys of countryside Christian communities, as well as in various forms of entertainment and rites of passage such as marriage and funeral ceremonies.The third category of Philippine musical forms are found in urban communities and centers of population. In th e last 100 years, Filipino composers have written works in the standard Western art music forms (chamber music, symphonious music, opera, serswela, etc.) and contemporary music styles, as well as the latest popular music industry- Latin American, jazz, country, rock, folk, rap, etc. In addition, modern compositions have also been written for such theatrical forms as dance and/or ballet, drama, musicales, and cinema.Outside the symphony orchestra tradition and the Filipino theater, the Filipinos have also developed a repertoire for three distinct musical ensembles the band (brass and bamboo), the rondalla and the chorus. The Philippine band repertoire consists of marches, overtures, symphonic poems, concertant pieces, and medleys of Filipino folk tunes, which are performed duing the military and civic parades, as well as formal and semi-tests the playing heroism and physical endurance of the competing musicians. Incidental pieces for the comedia and other forms of local theater have also been written for the band.The rondalla(plucked string ensemble) that was introduced by Spain as the estudiantina and comparsa, has a similar repertoire. It consists of marches and pasodoble pieces (fast and glorious music in two), medleys and arrangements of Filipino folk songs, overtures, concertant music, and folk dance accompaniments. In recent years, Filipino composers have written respectable art pieces for the rondalla or individual rondalla instruments. In modern compositions, the rondalla instruments are also combine with symphonic instruments. In the field of vocal music, choral music in the Philippines has dramatically expanded in the last fifty years, with the riseof the high quality choral singing and the countrywide proliferation of choral groups in all sectors of society church , government, business organisation and culture. Initially, Philippine choral music consisted of folksong arrangements, old masses and hymns, as well as locally composed operas and sarswelas. Today, the repertoire has been augmented by local madrigal-like pieces, arrangements of popular love songs, and large scale compositions are very much in demand during choral competitions and choral festivals that occur during the Christmas season.Although Philippine musical forms may be classified advertisement according to a few general categories, e.g. welcome song, song debates, courtship music, etc. each culturally-related genre has its own distinctive features which include, language and/or idiom, style of translation and other elements. For example, the pasyon in Pampanga and the pasyon from Bulacan would greatly differ from each other in language, the tunes used, the number of singers, and performance style (leader-chorus, antiphonal, etc.).BibliographyKahayon, Alicia, et. al. (1989). Philippine literature Choice selections from a Historical Perspective. Croghan, S.J., Richard. (1975). The development of Philippine literature in incline (since 1900). Rivadelo, R.F. (1987). Music education Materials & methods. pp79-103 Baas, Raymundo. (1979). Philippine music and theater. Pp8-16 Godinez-Ortega, C.F. The Literary forms in Philippine literature. Retrieved on August 10, 2013. Retrieved from http//www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Literature/literary_forms_in_philippine_lit.htm Santos, Ramon P. Philippine Music Forms/Composition. Retrieved on August 10, 2013. Retrieved from http//www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?immunoglobulin M=1&i=152.